High Compensation Pay Will Influence Employee Motivation

High Compensation Pay Will Influence Employee Motivation This article shows the relationship between high compensation pay and employees motivation in organization. Besides training, job satisfaction, and work environment, compensation pay is one of the factors that can influence employee motivation. Motivation has many theories that support employee will perform better in their job. Compensation pay aspects such as pay or reward package and promotion will lead or boost up employee motivation in order to perform in their work that contributes to organization. There are many theories that explain compensation effect on employee motivation. Many researchers had mentioned about the relationship between compensation pay aspects, pay or reward package and promotion and employee motivation in organization. Higher the compensation pay, employee motivation in organization will increase. Introduction Compensation is the total amount of the monetary and non-monetary pay provided by employer to an employee in return for work performed as required. Wayne. F. Cascio had stated that compensation which includes indirect cash payment and direct payments in the form of employee benefits and incentives that provide by employer in order to motivate employees to perform well for higher levels of productivity is an important component of the employment relationship between employer and employee. According to Milkovich, Newman Gerhart (2011), compensation refers to all forms of financial returns and tangible services and benefits that give by employer to employee as part of an employment relationship. For monetary pay, it as the return for employee that work or contribute in organization, while for non-monetary pay is provided by employer to an employee in order to motivate employee to perform in their work. Every stakeholder such as employer, manager, shareholder and others have their own perceptive regarding compensation and how compensation affects how they behave. Employee may define compensation as an exchange of service employee contribution or as a reward for a job well done. Employee see compensation as to some reflects the value for their personal skills and abilities, or the return for the education training they have learned or acquired. The pay individual receives for the work they perform in their work is usually the major source of personal income and financial security in their life and so it is very important determinants of an individual economic and social well being. For manager, compensation pay directly influences their success in two ways. Firstly, it is a major expense competitive pressure both internationally and domestically, forces employer to consider whether their compensation decisions is affordable or not. Other studies show that many organization labor cost s account for more than 50% of total costs. And for industries such as public employment or service, this figure is even higher. Compensation is one of the factors that influence employee motivation in organization. The good compensation pay is a good motivator for employee. Employee motivation and behavior influence by compensation by two ways (Milkovich, Newman Gerhart 2011). High compensation pay will lead employee to motivate in doing their job or perform well in their work and performance. If employee did not get compensation pay much as they should get, employee tend to not perform well and motivate to do their job. Compensation pay desired behavior which is motivated employee for better performance. This study would like to investigate the relationship between compensation pay aspects which are pay or reward package and promotion towards employee motivation in organization. The problem After bonuses are distributed, management teams may often be frustrated by the lack of employee motivation. If the employee does not see a direct correlation between performance and bonus, this may lead to a lack of motivation because employees see no reason to perform better. Shun Linda Wang, 2003 Nowadays organization whether small or large, people pay much more attention to their life style and the money they earn from the work than their senior. However, it still remains unclear whether many of employees would continue working if it were not for the money that they earn. Employee will expects their employer give a compensation plan are that it is fair and equitable, that it provides them with tangible rewards matched with their skills and, further, that it provides recognition and employee feel their employer appreciate them. Employer will face big challenge in order to motivate employees in organization. Motivation of employee is an important key to an organization that can lead to overall effectiveness of organization. Basically, employee will do or perform well in their work if their employer provides compensation pay to them. In other word, employee is not motivated in order give full commitment in their work because of compensation pay that they receive from employer is not enough or dissatisfied. Employee will perform better if they see the relationship between compensation pay and performance. Employee tends to motivate and perform better in their job if employer provides high compensation pay. Are wages attached to jobs and do promotions play an important role as a wage determinant? Do expected promotions affect motivation and, once the promotion has been realized, will this make the motivation disappear completely? These questions is the famous question that employer will ask in order perform well towards increase productivity or efficiency of organization. As Herzberg (1968) has argued, just because too little money can affect and demotivate employee, does not mean that more and more money will lead about increased satisfaction, much less increased motivation. But it is reasonable to assume that if employees take-home pay or salary was cut in half, employee morale would suffer enough to not perform well and undermine performance. It doesnt necessarily follow that doubling that employees pay would result in better work or employee will motivate to perform well. According to Schuler and MacMillan (1984), they stressed that Human resource management practices (including com pensation) may give a competitive advantages to one corporation over its rivals in order to retain and motivate their employee in organization. Literature review Motivation is the desire to achieve beyond expectations, being driven by internal rather than external factors, and to be involved in a continuous striving for improvement. (Torrington, Hall, Taylor Atkinson, 2009, p. 276) Motivation, in the context of work, is a psychological process that results from the interaction or relationship between an employee and the work environment and it is characterized by a certain level of willingness to do something. Motivation also defined as the employees are willing to increase their work effort in order to desire that they hold or obtain a specific need (Beardwell Claydon, 2007). According to Arnold (1991), motivation consists of three components: Â · Direction what a person is trying to do? Â · Effort how hard a person is trying to do? Â · Persistence how long a person keeps on trying to do? Motivation of employee was set as the dependent variable in this study. Although the construct of motivation can be operationally defined with the help of similar to variables such as motives, dispositions, needs, and values (Hogan and Hogan, 1990), the field of psychology has not observed a single, crucial measure of employee motivation. Therefore, there is the study that measures motivation by a single straightforward item: How has the level of your work motivation level changed in the last three years? The responses of the study had range from decreased (1) to increased (5). (Takahashi, 2005) Moreover, in a way of accomplishment expected work productivity and job satisfaction motivation is the outmost element to be taken into account (Schultz Schultz, 1998). Mainly, the impacts of motivation on the work performance and productivity will attract attention towards employee motivation in the work environment (Huddleston Good, 1999). Employee with high level of motivation tends to work hard and perform better in their work as compared to the employees with low level of motivation. The understanding of the employees expectations and needs of employees at work signifies the base for their motivation. In order to increase employee satisfaction and motivation with their work, it is important to arrange employees work and the level of satisfaction with work. Motivational models are usually divided in to two between and those, which are process theories that focus on the individuals interactions with their environment and those content theories that which focus on an individuals internal attributes. Expectancy theory is one of the process motivation theory describes motivation as a function of individual or employees perception that they have about their surroundings and they will form the expectation based on these perceptions. The organizational psychology literature includes a number or many motivational theories, but based on Ghazanfar, Chuanim, Khan Bashir (2011) they have selected expectancy theory as their implementation mechanism for some reasons. Firstly, the theory has been subjected to rigorous academic testing that each of its components has been experiment and the result is there is a positive influence or relationship on employee motivation. Other researcher such as Klein (1991), Pritchard and Sanders (1973), and Arvy (1972) give support for the link or relationship between effort and E-P expectancy. Hope and Pate (1988) established that the link between instrumentality and effort is one of be the best supported of the components and measured by Lawler and Porter (1967), Snead and Harrell (1994), Klein (1991), Harrell and Stahl (1984). Pritchard and Sanders (1973) have confirmed the motivational link between effort and valence. Secondly, the theory is easily to understand and very straightforw ard. Developed by Vroom (1964), expectancy theory determines three factors that play an interactive role in motivation. Effort-performance expectancy refers to E-P expectancy that concerns the employees perception which effort is positively linked with level of performance in organization. Maslows theory shows that human needs as a role of the capacity in which the human needs have already been fulfilled. It means that human needs that are fulfilled have a low motivation value. Other than that, Herzberg explains that work satisfaction is based on the presence of intrinsic motivation, while the presence of extrinsic factors will lead to dissatisfaction of work. If there is hygienic factors, workers will be happy with their current work situation. In order to have motivated workforce in organization, the hygienic factors must be satisfied and when motivations are in place. This model is in the same type as the theories of Lewin and Vroom that it is concern with the influence of perception and expectancy on motivation. However, this model is a more comprehensive theory than the other theories. The model is based on the following propositions: The motivational force of an individual is based on how individual see the value of the goal, the power required achieving the goal and the probability that the goal will be achieved. Because of individuals past experience is similar of situation, it will enable to a better self-assessment of the required effort, ability perform well and achieve the goal Performance achievement can be achieved by individual efforts which mean individual understand the task requirement and know their self-assessment of ability. Individual sees performance as lead to both rewards which is extrinsic and intrinsic can give satisfaction if individual feel the rewards are fair. This model is most complete and has enough description of the process of motivation. Performance of employee is usually described as a joint function between both ability and motivation, and one of the primary tasks that employer have to face is motivating employee to perform to the best of their own skill or ability (Moorhead Griffin, 1998). Basically, when economists talk about incentives and motivation, it refers to type of motivation which is extrinsic motivation (Frey, 1997, Benabou and Tirole, 2003). Extrinsic motivation is a type of behavior influence by external interventions, examples your boss give reward in term of money, praise your work, or status (Frey, 1997). This type of incentives works same as quid pro quo: employee has the implicit contract that after perform well in a performance they will receive an external reward. This means that the view of monetary rewards, either in the form of incentive compensation or promotions automatically will increase employee motivation. According to Minner, Ebrahimi, and Watchel (1995), they explain that motivation consists of these three interdependent and interacting elements which are drives, needs, and incentives. As long as organizations have been operated, compensation had recognized as one of major motivator of employees in order to perform better as well as an important tool for organizations. To construct compensation systems, organization must have mutual understanding so that it can be to the organizations structure, strategies, and employees that has been an important area. To use compensation as a motivator to employee motivation, personnel employer must look at four major components of a pay structures in an organization (Popoola Ayeni 2007). These four major components are job rate, which is the importance the organization attaches to each job, payment, which employer give reward to encourage employee based on to their performance, personal or special allowances, like transport allowance and fringe b enefits such as holidays with pay and pensions. According to Akintoye (2000), he highlight that money is still be the most important motivational strategy. Early year 1911, Frederick Taylor and his scientific management associate defined money as the most important factor to motivate employee in order to achieve and improve better productivity. Taylor also defined compensation and performance based pay as one of the major tools management had to motivate employees and to improve their productivity hence reduce turnover. Money sees as an important motivating power in as much as it symbolizes intangible goals like security, prestige, power, and a feeling of accomplishment and success. Sinclair (2005) explained that the motivational power of money with the process of job choice. Sinclair explains that money has the power to attract, retain, and motivate employee in order to increase and improve performance. As example, if an employee gets another job offer, which offers best financial rewards and has same job characteristics with his current job, that employee would be motivated to leave current job and accept the new job offer. Banjoko (1996) states that employers which want to reward or punish their employees, they usually use money. This is can be done through the process of rewarding employees for increase productivity by give recognition to employee so that employee will feel fear of loss of job or other related issues such as no promotion because of not perform well in performance. The eagerness to be promoted and earn improved pay also will motivate employees. Compensation research is more focus on stressing the internal orientation to an individuals reaction to pay. This research orientation is always led by industrial organizational psychologists and has contributed to human resource management practice. The main force for this research has been the suggestion that pay will affects level of job satisfaction of employee and work behaviors or employee motivation (Oshagbemi, 2000). Generally, organizations offer their employees three types of opportunities which are (Ospina, 1996): Promotion. Pay. Challenges at work. According to Kwon (2004) there are two ways promotion provided incentives. First, wage increase upon promotion or promotion premium can be fixing by principal, and let the promotion probability depend on performance. Second, a principal also can fix the promotion probability and let the promotion premium depend on performance. Hence, both promotion probability and promotion premium will base on performance. However, the literature has only focused on the former, and mostly will ignore the final. Remind that when use for performance-based wages, in most previous models of promotion-based incentives, the principal do not have any reason to provide huge incentives, and sometimes promote employees without any reason. Our model highlights the final. Because employees in the model is same and usually makes an investment along the equilibrium path, the principal promotes them based on term unless they realized performance or wages. This is consistent based on seniority-rule in promote emplo yees. But, a wage increase with promotion based on performance in order to provide incentives for investments on job-specific human capital that does not for a new job level. In the extreme case, controlling for term, the promotion probability based whether on performance or on wages. According on a survey amongst all individual employees, Herpen, Cools Praag (2004) found a positive link that effect of promotions on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, which leads to the effectiveness of promotion. They show that promotion will affect positively on extrinsic motivation that constant with one of the basic assumptions in the tournament model. Motivation is high in this type when employees think that they will get promotion in the future. Intrinsic motivation is not so much affected by an expected promotion but rather by a recently realized promotion. Without a realized or expected promotion in long period will lead to a decrease of intrinsic motivation (Herpen, Cools Praag, 2004). Promotions should elaborate motivation in many ways. Moreover, there often does not seem to be strong pay for performance within jobs, which only increases the clear importance of promotions for organizational incentives (Hedstrom, 1987). But for internal labor markets, the status of higher positions is more important rather than higher pay because employees tend to perform well to win the competition. Promotion defines an incentive mechanism that gives value to employees that in higher position (Takahashi, 2005). For organizations that want to motivate their employees, they must fully the incentive effects of promotion. Lazear Rosen (1981) stated that promotions have contributed a great deal in theoretical interest, especially in the tournament models. A promotion can be an indication of trust and lead to empowerment, which is correlated positively with intrinsic motivation (Deci and Ryan, 1985). In order to find out the full incentive that effect promotion, organization will analyze the relationship between perceived promotion opportunities and intrinsic motivation. Reward is the benefits that workers can get from perform well in a task, representation a service or discharging a responsibility. (Colin Pitts, 1995, p. 11.) Pay can be as the most important factor that will motivate employees and also can be motivating reward that is received when employees can perform better in a task and service. Individuals will motivate to go out and find a work in order to get pay. Pay is also can be seen as a way in order to value employees work that contributed to organization. Organization will face a problem such as hard to retain good employees in organization if employees feel reward package that they get is unfair and not satisfied. It is because pay can be a powerful demotivator towards employees (Colin Pitts, 1995). It shows that rewards absolutely can influence employee motivation. Inequity in the management of compensation such as performance that measure unfair may give negative impact to the objectives of the company, as employees will not work ha rd but want to get reward so it will lead to expense of contribution. But if the compensation pay is perceived as fair, satisfied and competitive, hence good employees are likely to stay in the organization (Schuler, 1998). Many employees think that reward package is only wages and salaries that employer give as a return of their contribution to organization. Actually the reward package is include bonuses, health insurance, pension schemes, car allowance, beneficial loans, meal allowance, profit sharing, share options and others. (Pitts, 1995, p.13). Efficient reward system can be a good motivator but an inefficient reward system can lead to demotivation of the employees. Reio and Callahon (2004) concludes that both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards motivates the employee resulted in higher productivity. Carraher et al (2006) stresses that there should be an effective reward system in organization in order to retain the quality employees and reward should provide based on their productivity. There many works has been done in order to evaluate the link between rewards and employee motivation and there are many researchers investigated and agreed that reward can give impact on employee motivation. Organization must make sure that policies and procedures to form reward system will increase employee motivation and satisfaction in order to maximize the performance of the employees. Performance-based pay (PBP) is one of the compensation schemes that have link between employee performances with pay. It can be defined as a system of remuneration in which an individuals increase in salary is solely or mainly dependent on his/her appraisal or merit rating (Swabe, 1989). Armstrong (2005) defines it more comprehensively as the process of providing a financial reward to an individual which is linked directly to individual, group or organizational performance. But Schuler (1998) maintains that PBP is not limited to financial rewards, and that non-financial rewards, such as recognition, can also constitute pay for performance. The basic reasons for PBP are performance enhancement for competitive advantage and equity (MIlkovich and Newman, 1996). In this regard, Beardwell and Holden (1995) identify several specific reasons for which managers may introduce PBP. These include: Help in recruitment and selection; Facilitate change in organizational culture; Weaken trade union power; increased role of the line manager; Greater financial control and value for money; Ability to reward and recognize performance; and Encouragement to flexibility. Proposition/ Recommendation Each researcher has their own recommendation regarding this study that investigated the relationship between compensation pay and employee motivation. Organization or employer should understand what influences individuals motivation which determines how they behave and why they behave in a certain way. Organization can use theories of motivation in order to determine level of motivation or factors that can influence employee motivation in organization. One of the theories that organization can be use is the basic one, Maslows theory. Maslows theory shows that human needs are a function of the capacity in which the needs have already been fulfilled. This means that a fulfilled need has a low motivation value. Bishop (1987) suggested that pay is directly related with productivity and reward system depends upon the size of an organization. Compensation pay such as pay or reward package and promotion will influence employee motivation in organization. For efficiency of compensation pay, organization can give compensation pay based on their size of organization. If the organization is big, employer should provided compensation pay that suitable to their employee such as high compensation pay in term of give employee high pay so that employee will motivate and tend to perform well. Consequently, it will increase employee motivation in organization and employee. Herzbergs theory explained that if employer give an opportunities for promotions and actual promotions are highly to motivate higher performance than regular pay structures. This is supported by Maslows earlier needs theory, which ranks self-esteem and self-actualization as higher-order needs compared with physiological needs, which would include pay, as lower-order needs. Promotions do usually increase pay, but the motivational influence stems from recognition, increased responsibility, more challenging work and a personal sense of accomplishment all of which are motivating factors, according to Herzberg. Herzberg even notes opportunities for advancement specifically as a motivator. If employer gives opportunity or promotion to employee, motivation of employee will increase towards to perform better in work because employee feels that employer appreciate their contribution to organization and get recognition from organization. Conclusion and Implication Human resources Compensation pay is one of the most important factors that influence employee motivation in organization. The findings of the present study adds a new perspective on the basis of a new environmental settings to the existing evidence signifying that the work motivation in the organizations is influenced by the satisfaction of the employees with their compensation, which is offered by the organization. The further analysis of the data pertaining to the satisfaction with compensation and work motivation suggest that benefits had a positive but weak relationship with the work motivation. Benefits include allowances and reimbursements for miscellaneous expenses, company housing and company conveyance. The previous researches in this regard refer benefits as not an ingredient, which motivates employees, Jacques and Roussel, (1999). Our findings relate with these findings because of the weaker relationship of benefits with work motivation. We might also find an explanation f or the inefficiency of benefits, in research by Hills, Bergmann and Scarpello (1994). Referring to surveys concerning employees, they formulate the proposition that benefits are generally perceived as a right in United States society, so they have no incentive character.

Representation Of Women In Mainstream Film Studies Essay

Representation Of Women In Mainstream Film Studies Essay According to Laura Mulvey women stand in patriarchal culture as signifier for the male other, bound by a symbolic order in which man can live out his fantasies and obsessions through linguistic command by imposing them on the silent image of woman still tied to her place as bearer of meaning, not maker of meaning. This argument can be seen in countless movies across generations and cultures. Mainstream Hindi film industry churned out countless movies where women represented as bearer rather than maker of meaning. However, the film No One Killed Jessica seems to be a departure from this trend. The film is based on the true murder story of Jessica Lal. In a crowded nightclub, Jessica Lal, a model working as a celebrity bartender, refused to serve Manu Sharma and two of his friends. Incensed, Manu Sharma pulls out a gun intending just to give Jessica a scare shoots her dead. More than 300 people were witnessed the event at the exclusive nightclub when Jessica was killed, but nobody came forward to tell the truth in court. The family of Jessica Lal fought legal battle against the rich and powerful for more than a decade and finally got justice. The film, No One Killed Jessica was purposively chosen keeping in view of its commercial success and audience acceptability. Its successful run at the box office implies most of the audience identifies with the films representation of society and individuals. As per general perception through various news media, it had a strong impact on the society regarding the changing image of women. The film can be clearly established on a syntagmatic level; the director (Raj Kumar Gupta), the script (amalgamations of fiction and reality), the directors relationship with his earlier film Aamir (2008). In addition to that, there were snapshots of today in the film in the form of models, fashion, glamour, journalism, sting operations, even stereotypes. All in all the film was a total explosive concoction. The most integral aspect was successful completion of process of making a film as a paradigm in itself.   No One Killed Jessica perhaps one of the rare films where the male gaze is absent, largely because there are no male protagonists, no song and dance sequences, and no overt sexualisation. The female lead is represented in a very masculine form. The film paved the way for newer films to represent women and their everyday issues in a positive light by breaking the existing stereotypes. Bollywood, considered to be among the top three film industries across the world, has time and again successfully adapted to new dimensions to understand and reflect the relatively quick changes in the evolving culture of Indian society. It also reaches Middle East, South Asia, Africa and among South Asian diasporas, world over. This further marks the study of mainstream commercial Hindi film as essential. The study can be taken as a critical base and can be re-examined for upcoming films. Theoretical Framework In mass media, representation is often perceived as the construction of reality in a virtual medium. Such a notion of representation is analogous to the mistaken assumption of a one-to-one correspondence of every word with its referent a language-world isomorphism (Saussure, 1983). Representation in cinema begins with building up of concepts of reality that include human beings, objects, places, cultural identities, and events and extends to the establishment of abstract concepts. In classical aesthetics, Plato identified representation as mimesis i.e. imitation without narration, somewhere close to theatre and differentiated it with the concept of diegesis i.e narration without imitation. Aristotle went further in his seminal work Poetics and suggested that mimesis can never reach the truth because on one hand the audiences are required to feel distant from it so that they can experience catharsis and on the other hand it has to strive hard to imitate reality as close as possible. In fact, Aristotle exclaimed that, Mimesis involves a framing of reality that announces that what is contained within the frame is simply not real. Thus the more real the imitation the more fraudulent it becomes. (Gebauer and Wulf, 1992) The modern aestheticist M. C. Beardsley (1958) proposed a classification of Representation as Depiction (i.e. representation of a type of object), Portrayal (i.e. representation of an individual), and Symbolizing (i.e. representation through a suggested or non-literal meaning). Incorporating all these typifications, representation can be approached from two standpoints. Towing the line of Aristotles interpretation of mimesis, Constructivists tend to believe that cinema is a construction of reality, where reality as an object can be perceived, consumed and witnessed in still as well as moving images and texts but with a catch this perception will always be plagued by cinematic alteration and manipulation and therefore, will always be distinct from reality itself. In other words, our perception of a film will be dependent on our body of knowledge i.e. epistemology, especially our knowledge that this is a film and therefore cannot be real. Thus, Myra Karn is able to portray Jessica Lal because the spectators have agreed to a suspension of disbelief about this fact. However, once this agreement is reached, it immediately leads to a subconscious apprehension that ultimately this is not the complete truth. On the other hand, Realists take an almost opposite viewpoint, best described by Bazins notion that film as a medium is subject to reality by the very incorporation of this capacity of capturing reality in the film-making process itself (Bazin, 1967; pp 21). Bazin went on to establish that there is a style of filmmaking which may be termed as realist which he ascribed to the likes of Jean Renoir, Orson Welles and Italian neorealist Roberto Rossellini all following techniques which render the projected image as close to reality as possible. With time constructivism went on to incorporate structuralism, Barthesian textual analysis, Marxist ideological analysis, Lacanian psychoanalysis, etc. leading to the foundation of cine-semiotics. This led to the birth of feminist film theory which incorporated feminist ideological criticism, cultural studies, psychoanalysis etc. According to Feminist Film Theories, cinema has been an important path on which debates, culture and identity is talked about and even challenged. There have been major theoretical developments and frequent discussions on woman as an object of desire, female spectatorship and cinematic pleasure. Many theorists have contributed to this school of thought. Mulvey in her essay, Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema (1973, printed in 1975), highlights the concept of women as passive role players in films. According to her it baselines the concept of film as visual pleasure. She further stressed that such roles make women as tools of erotic visual effect for male v oyeurism. Mulvey points that in Cinema a womans representation is being a carrier of the meaning rather than making the meaning. Molly Haskell in From Reverence to Rape: The treatment of women in Movies (1974), analyzes how women are portrayed in films, the stereotypes depicted, the extent to which women are projected as passive or active. She also comments upon the amount of screen time given to women. Doane (1987), searches for the type of women representation in the women-oriented films. She insists that women refer to signifier of modernity, rebellious sexuality. According to her, woman as object is single terminology in systems of positioning. Linda Williams (1988) tells us that understanding of spectatorship is a result of representation through three-sided meeting historical and physical subjectivity; contradictory meanings; positions and pleasures. Julia Kristeva (1982) uses the term abject in direct contrast to Lacans object petit a (object of desire) to refer to the spect ators reaction of horror towards a possibly endangered deconstruction in the meaning caused due to the loss of power. Post-structuralist feminist philosopher Judith Butler theorized that gender is different from sex and while the later is biological, gender is actually performative and this performance is driven by rules put in place by strong patriarchal hegemonic structures (Butler, 1999). However, Feminist film theory has also met with strong criticism from various detractors, prominent being Christine Gledhill, who argues for a realist epistemology to underline contemporary feminist film theory (Gledhill, 1984). This follows from the premise that if a feminist film theorist asks the question whether a particular representation in a film is true to womens condition and nature, she has automatically assumed that there is a reality of womens condition and nature (Casebier, 1991; pp 121). In this paper, we attempt to provide a subtextual realism to applied feminist film theory principles using relevant phenomenological theories for example, Benjamins Angel of History and Heideggers Poiesis. Inspired by French Revolutions in 1789, 1830, 1848 and the Paris Commune of 1870, Walter Benjamin interpreted Paul Klees painting, Angelus Novus (1920) in his seminal work, On the Concept of History (1940). The Angel of History, as Benjamin dubbed it, has its face turned towards its past and sees a single catastrophe of revolutionary events, a pile of rubble on its feet even as it is caught up in a storm that drives him towards the future. Benjamin labeled this storm as progress. Further [1973 (1935)], he argued in favor of death of ritual with the birth of camera and mechanical images. Heidegger, M. [(1977) 1954], in The Question Concerning Technology, insisted that the essence of technology is not technological He used the term poiesis to find out forms of authentic production, one where every aspect of production process right from the creator to created is dependent and entangled with each other. As a result, there is a loss of being, individuality and freedom. It brings humanity to a position of servitude. Due to this a person speaks something but thinks absolutely differently. Heidegger takes the example of a fast and free-flowing river The Rhine when the river is controlled by a dam, which is built by humans, leads to curtailment of the rivers freedom. However, it also results in servitude of humanity because now they have to manage the dam as an additional work bound to their lives. Gender representation and Hindi cinema As discussed earlier, construction of reality presupposes the establishment of reality. The basic premise of cinematic suspension of disbelief is the realization that all that appears real on screen is actually a construction of reality. Similarly, to take up the subject of representation of women in Hindi cinema, first we must try to comprehend the existing reality of women, their status in India. Numerous Indian mythologies have given great respect to women, to the extent of calling them Mother Goddess. The contextual reality though is quite different. Unlike many nations, India has a larger male population as compared to females. One of the major reasons is women die even before they can reach adulthood. A large number of them are murdered in their mothers womb. The other important fatal imbalance is the mistreatment of these women. They do not have enough decision-making power and economic independence, face violence in and out of their families, face atrocities like murder, mole station, rape and every possible kind of sexual molestation to the extent that India stands at a miserable 56 rank out of 86 nations in the Social Institutions and Gender Index (OECD SIGI, 2012). This reality of Indian women has found its way straight into the silver screen. Since beginning, women in popular Hindi Cinema have their set roles somebodys daughter, wife, sister or mother. A modern woman has been portrayed to possess a loose character. She can be bar dancer or a college student, who is not at all interested in her career. Rare are the cases when lead female characters are depicted as strong individuals. We hardly witness them to be lawyers, journalists, business magnets, doctors etc. Even if they are portraying these, they are supposed to be holy, cultured, catering to males need and wishes. Even the song and dance sequences demand them to be voluptuous and good dancers. Their maximum achievement in life looks to be a shift from song and dance in discs and pubs to escape in Hindi cinema and do the same around trees. Woman as a maker of meaning: Gender representation in No One Killed Jessica An important precursor to the analysis of No One Killed Jessica is the actual Jessica Lal murder case. Jessica was a professional model who happened to volunteer as a bartender at a socialite gathering and was shot dead by a politicians son for refusing to serve him liquor at 2 am in the night. The case shocked Indian youth and generated a public outcry when the perpetrators were acquitted in a lower court. Subsequently, the media took up the case rigorously and managed to pressurize the higher courts to reopen the case and finally the guilty were put behind bars. No One Killed Jessica starts in a format of a hard-hitting documentary. Later the glamour quotient seeps in reminding us of watching a mainstream commercial Hindi cinema. Still throughout, the film showed touches of serious cinema as well. This movie boasts of two main characters Sabrina Lal (Vidya Balan) and Meera Gaity (Rani Mukherjee). Sabrina is shown to be simple, calm, nerdy, and docile and appears to be contended in her own space. She takes a back-seat in all the aspects of life as compared to her sister (Jessica Lal) and many other female counterparts. She is media shy and far from the glamorous personality of Jessica and Meera. Her usual attire is dull colored loose shirts and straight fit jeans and doesnt use make-up, establishing her as a person who tones down her sexuality. Meera is a fictional character, loosely symbolizing sensational but powerful Indian electronic media of the new millennium. The character is built around the famous journalist from NDTV Barkha Dutt, who had handled the case and is also the inspiration for the coverage of Kargil war and Kandahar hijack episode. Unfortunately, the film completely ignores print media journalists, who were among the first ones to uncover the truth and in fact, the sting operation was done by Harinder Baweja from Tehelka. In the movies credits, there is a caption congratulating Tehelka for their efforts but going by the general Indian film viewing standard, people do not sit back and watch credits. Ramani (2011) implored that the movie goes so far to accommodate the case for electronic media that it excludes and almost totally ignores contribution of main heroes of the story, i.e. the print media. Meera is established from the beginning of her film, first through her voice which delivers a monologue on Delhis inherent complexity and its fascination with power and then her credentials are established through her coverage of important but difficult news assignments like Kargil war and Kandahar hijack incident. From the very beginning, Meeras character is celebrated as a woman of substance, but subliminally, it is established as a transgendered male performance, as if the lines and the role was written for a male character but the sex was changed at the last moment. Thus Meera goes to great lengths to establish her gender performativity as male using tropes like frequent verbal abuse; dominant and emotionally detached frequent physical relationships; absence of family issues etc. Her stance of sitting and drinking tea in the office, her behavior with her colleagues and her maid furthers this establishment. The contrast lies in, the real women journalists who actually went to grea t lengths to solve this case and is comfortable in their gender, e.g. Harinder Baweja frequently wears Saris and flaunts her femininity without any reservations, and is quite humble in her interviews. Professionally, Meera comes out as a hard-hitting reporter. Her character is smart, dynamic, selfish, bitchy, successful, and manipulative. In fact, it seems as if the director of the film has a deliberate intention of creating such contrasting characters on the same platform. The downside of such a contrast is that, when played with the mise-en-scà ¨ne and sequence of events, the film impresses upon the audience that, a successful woman tends to have man-like attributes; at least her perfomative gender should be male. Otherwise she will absolutely fade away in the harsh realities of life. In an establishing scene, while returning from the Kargil war zone, she hurls expletives at a fellow male passenger something that is employed to make her representation adhere to the stereotypes of cool and bitch, as there appears no visible reason for such an outburst. However, we must give due respect to the makers of the film that they have not aimed at creating perfect heroines, although all these characters are seen to reflect certain exciting stereotypes. Jessica Lal, the omnipresent character throughout the film, even after her death, is the actual anchor of the story. Her character evolves as a young model free-spirited and modern an individual who is not scared to pick a fight while protecting her sister (Sabrina) against harassment. However, the stereotyping does not leave her ever. In the scene where she fights the street harassers, one can observe a multitude of gender and class representations. The harassers are on a cheap bicycle and apparently symbolize members of the lower economic class. Whether or not this scene is fictional, it reeks of class irony she was shot dead by a higher economic class male while these fellows were projected to be weak in front of her rage and verbal abuses. Another irony is that the verbal abuses that s he used are themselves misogynist. Further on in the film, her modernity is objectified in pure Kristevan (1982) sense by establishing her vulnerability as a vilified girl who likes to have a nice time, parties hard, drinks heavily and stays out till late. So in the film there are a number of scenes where Jessicas character develops against Sabrina in a contrast of bad vs. good. In one frame, Jessica invites Sabrina to a party which symbolically implies the one where she was shot dead and she is wearing a mini-skirt while Sabrina is in desexualized jeans and an oversized shirt. At the sequence leading to Jessicas murder, there is frequent jump cut between Sabrina sleeping in her bed while Jessica is serving drinks in the party. The dance sequence reeks of voyeuristic male pleasure with head to toe camera movements amplifying a mini-skirt clad female figure montage with extreme close-up shots of drunken men trying to get too close to her the sub-text is clearly pointing out that thi s image of a girl dancing in a short dress is easily approachable. The paradigm in the series of shots and the delicate imagery tend to establish a dangerous line of thought those who try to move away from the patriarchal hegemonies in place will have to face the brunt one day the audience is prepared to see Jessica get the bullet! This moment is the very mimetic driver that will lead the audience to witness the fight for justice and the road to catharsis, the final judgment in favor of justice. But the montage and the mise-en-scene establishing this mimesis subliminally also feed the stereotype of the vulnerability of the female gender. The conflict scene between Jessica and Manu is a more serious effort and focuses on her mid, close-up and extreme close-up shots as well as a good performance by Myra to highlight Jessicas strong personality. The audience senses the danger even more closely as the first gunshot goes off and yet another Jessica is hit in the head. Her fall in slow motion takes its time to ensure that the moment is mimetically established and mourned in the subconscious of the viewers. Phenomenologically, this moment is akin to Benjamins Angel of History where the angel is looking at the past and has no hope for the future. The storm from paradise has ensured that all progress lies in the rubble of history. As with Benjamins catastrophe of the Holocaust, the audience is forced to have a full gaze at the tragedy that unfolds on-screen. Although Meera Gaity operates on similar thoughts of rebellion and modernity, she is shown to have a different end a victorious one! Her male performative attributes have been discussed earlier as well. She uses the f word like her second skin and is abusive in speech just like any of her male colleague journalists. She does not pay any heed to the so-called moral police of the society sleeps out of wedlock, smokes frequently and is at top of her career by climbing certain manipulative ladders. In order to come out in the top league, she is not afraid to pull the right strings and take help of the crooks themselves. Her frequent use of abusive language and behaving very manly recreates the stereotype of women can be successful only when and if she behaves like a man. Her dialogues like when she says screw ethics confirms her revolting personality. She is shown to be rude both to her colleagues (she often call her colleagues bitch), and even to her maid at home. Further Meera confir ms her male performance by saying sentences like, this is the time to give back to those sons of bitches; lets nail the bastard; that bastard should be in jail and not at the next happening party; I think I deserve a much bigger and better story and many more. Despite all this, throughout the film Meera is no less than a hero. In contrast, Sabrinas character is deliberately underplayed. She could have easily been made the hero of the story. However she was shown to be easily dominated first by her sister, then by witnesses, culprit, media and Meera. Perhaps this was done to signify, that the good has to lean on the bad to fight and win over the ugly. That is, after she has literally broken down in her fight for justice for Jessica, Sabrina grabs the hand of Meera to fine the justice against the evil doers. As mentioned in the review of literature, psychologists Yassour Borochowitz, Dalit Buchbinder, Eli (2010) discovered a couple of aspects that explains a female weakness to violence. They said that language is not the base to create a meaning; in fact, it is the crux to create concept of whole world. For example, the language of Sabrina is measured, slow, and subtle; revealing her desexualized personality. Her not going to her sisters parties, her avoidance of drinks, her even stopping Jessica from fight ing against goons who tease her, shying away from media and trusting the witness in vein. All these hint at her contrasting personality and the course of events in the film. Despite these stereotypes, the characters of Meera and Sabrina are very important, especially for Hindi Cinema. Apart from the male mannerisms and extremities of the characters; both of them shown to be strong in their own right (Sabrina to start the battle of justice and Meera to finish it). In fact, Meera is projected to ultimately possess a conscience and in following that she leaves no stone unturned to get justice for Jessicas murder case. There have been very few movies that show women in such revolutionary light. Also it is noteworthy that this movie again shows two female leads and males as supporting cast. It is a breather that we could see Vidya Balan in what she does best (no-glamorously glamorous avatar) after a long time. What was more like a water-drop in the desert is Rani Mukherjees fire-crackling role. Moreover women in this movie are shown to be focused on their respective goals and not just running around the bush to chase for their prince charming and night in the shining armor. No One Killed Jessica is perfect example of globalization, digitization and repercussions. The mixed language used, slang, abusive words, are in a way helper for general audience to relate with the movie and the reality of the story. Moreover, it was Jessica that helped find her wings of freedom. However it was the same globalization and development that made her life so cheap so as to make her loose it just over one drink. This is where her rubble of progress carries her from her past of hope to the future of loss in the effects and counter effects of Justice for Jessica, just like Benjamins concept of Angel of History. Similarly, Heideggers digitization has its own weight in studying the film. The whole movie screams of inter-mixing of technology and perceptions. For example the March for Justice at India Gate could be possible because of mass interconnectivity owing to the SMS/MMS revolution. It brought about the adoption of hacktivism in the movie. The positive side of this technological paradigm is seen as a march of change after people watch and get inspired by the movie Rang De Basanti in a theatre. In a true Heideggerian irony, the movie subtly carries the negativity of Gestell or enframing as well. Over glamorization of digitization resulted in ignoring the essential facts. Print media was ignored and deprived of its due credit. (Ramani, 2011) The movie was biased in its promotion of sting operations and did not care to highlight the negative aspects of such acts. The overt projection of globalization made the urban city image as digital hurdle. Above all, the woman in the film has been given an out of the box characteristics, making them look league apart from the rest. However, the reality is there stereotypes of images have been created and recreated consciously or unconsciously by the makers. The audience perception of the film is of applause, yet they in a way identify their stereotypical perceptions with the created reality in No One Killed Jessica. Conclusion To conclude, there is an obvious difference between the reality and representation. However, presence of stereotypes weakens the boundary of this differences and the line thins further to an extent of creating almost a complete identification with each other. The film commendably made an effort to break the gender stereotypes by projecting the image of women as a maker rather than a bearer of meaning in the mainstream commercial Hindi Cinema. However, many major instances prove that this change is not frequent enough. These efforts may be genuine, yet are not enough to overcome stereotypes. Hence the change is not strong enough to bring about a change in thoughts, outlook, perception, projection as well as representation. What we need is more frequency and refinement in order to break the existing stereotypes that even No One Killed Jessica could not break in totality. Representation is there for sure. A bright future lies ahead for Bollywood an opportunity to resist the natural ins tinct of creating and adhering to negative gender stereotypes with conviction and courage.

An investigation of neutralization reactions Essay -- GCSE Chemistry C

An investigation of neutralization reactions Aim Question : What is the effect of changing the concentration of an alkali, on the volume of acid needed to neutralise it, when acid is added to it? The plan is to use two acids (Hydrochloric & Sulphuric) and one alkali (Sodium Hydroxide). The reason I need to use two acids is; because the question applies to all acids and alkalis and to just use one of each would not enable me to come to a general conclusion. If there had been more time available, ideally I would have preferred to use two alkalis as well as two acids. Predictions First of all, here are the definitions for an acid and an alkali: An acid is a substance that forms hydrogen (H+) ions when placed in water. It can also be described as a proton donor as it provides H+ ions. An alkali is a soluble base and forms hydroxyl ions (OH-) when placed in water. It can be called a proton acceptor because it will accept hydrogen (H+) ions and form H2O. A Hydrochloric acid molecule (HCl) will release one H+ ion and one Cl- ion when placed in water. A Sodium Hydroxide molecule (NaOH) will release one Na+ ion and one OH- ion when placed in water. This means that one molecule of NaOH and one molecule of HCl will neutralise each other and produce H2O and a neutral salt called Sodium Chloride (NaCl). This means that to neutralise HCl and NaOH when they are at the same concentration, you need equal amounts of each. GRAPH On the other hand, a Sulphuric Acid molecule (H2SO4) will release two H+ ions and one SO4-- ions. This means that you need two molecules of NaOH to neutralise one molecule of H2SO4 and produce the neutral salt Sodium Sulphate (Na2SO4). This means ... ... in the following ways : * Instead of using Universal Indicator, I would use an indicator which only changed colour when the solution was Neutral rather than gradually changing as the pH became lower (e.g. Methyl Orange or Phenolphthalein). * To get the pH more accurate next time, a pH meter could be used. * To get it very accurate, the acids and alkalis supplied should be an exact amount (I am not sure whether the ones I used were exact). * To use very recently distilled water, because the water will become acidic if left for a long time. References Books Dunstan, S. 1968. Principles of Chemistry. Van Nostrand Reinhold  · Pages 187-88  · Pages 215- 253 McDuell, B. 1997. GCSE Chemistry Classbook. Letts  · Pages 171-72  · Pages 28-32  · Page 262 Computer programs Microsoft Excel Version 97 Microsoft Word 97 Paint Shop Pro 4

John Donnes The Indifference :: Poets, Poetry, Prose

John Donne's "The Indifference" is a love poem that can be interpreted in a number of ways. Not only is the meaning of the text debatable, but the audience for which the poem was intended can be argued as well. The language Donne uses leaves room for the reader's imagination and intellect to take over and decide to whom he is talking and why. The author is writing to a specific audience for a specific reason, trying to convey his point through his verse. While not all people agree as to whom this poem is intended for or whom the speaker is actually talking to, I have a good understanding as to what Donne is trying to accomplish by writing "The Indifference" and whom the voice of the piece is actually talking to. The interpretation that I found to be most convincing is that he is speaking to a woman, who is by herself, and he is letting her know what kind of qualities (or lack there of) he is looking for. He is giving a disclaimer to her on the type of person he is and how he views relationships so she knows what she's getting herself into. The first stanza starts off with the speaker listing opposite character types. All of the types listed refer to different types of women, "Her whom the county formed, and whom the town" and "Her who still weeps with spongy eyes, / And her who is dry cork, and never cries". The speaker is not referring to one type of woman in particular, but to all women in general. He is telling the woman that he is addressing know just how many different types of woman he can or will potentially be interested in. Another interesting aspect of the first stanza is Donne's wording at the beginning of each line. He starts each with either "I can love" or "Her who". This is his passive way of informing the reader as to what type of woman he can and wants to love: any woman who is alive and willing to take a chance on him. It is not until the final two lines of the stanza that he actually puts any requirements as to what kind of a woman he specifically wants, "I can love her, and her, and you and you, / I can love any, so she be not true".

Statement Of The Hypotheses Environmental Sciences Essay

States all over the universe are interested in utilizing different types of renewable energy systems in order to run into the turning demand of energy. Indiana State has a broad assortment of renewable energy resources.A Enormous attempts have been spent in the State of Indiana to better the people awareness toward the usage of such resources as air current, solar and biomass.A Solar energy has great possible to profit Indiana occupant. The Sun visible radiation can be converted into electricity by utilizing solar energy systems such as Photovoltaic systems. Photovoltaic systems ( PV systems ) are renewable energy systems that use the Sun as a beginning for bring forthing electric energy. Implementing PV systems can assist Indiana occupant to bring forth their ain electricity without noise or air pollution. These systems can besides diversify energy supply, cut down the sum of imported fuels, better the quality of the air, countervail nursery gas emanations, and make occupations in t he fabrication and installing of solar energy systems. These alone advantages and features made solar systems the ultimate energy beginning for the twenty-first century. The Indiana Office of Energy Development has offered a figure of inducements that help cut down the costs of put ining and implementing PV systems, and do these systems more low-cost for Indiana occupant. A PV system is a significant investing, and as with any investing, adept aid and careful planning will assist people make the correct determinations. However, the determination of purchasing PV systems depends on several different factors. Peoples want to salvage the finite dodo fuel resources and extinguish the air pollution. Others would instead pass their money on an energy-producing betterment to their belongings than to direct their money to a public-service corporation. Some people like to cut down the sum of electricity that they buy from public-service corporation company, because they will non be affected by any hereafter additions for the electricity monetary value. Finally, some people merely do non like paying public-service corporation measures and appreciate the independency that is provided by a PV system.Statement of the ProblemIn order to measure the fiscal feasibleness of typical residential PV systems in the province of Indiana, information for the counties of Indi ana State should be collected, evaluated, and analyzed through mathematical theoretical accounts and expressions. Besides, information about monetary values and the size of a typical system should be collected from the professionals and representatives who work in the PV industry.Statement of the Hypotheses and Research QuestionsThe void hypothesis of the survey is that the determination of put ining a typical PV system for residential intent at Indiana State is non effectual from the economical point position and the monthly disbursals will be more than the expected return of the system. The alternate hypothesis is that the determination of put ining a typical PV system for residential intent at Indiana State is an effectual from the economical point position and the monthly disbursals will be less than the expected return of the system. There are four grounds for the alternate hypothesis: First, the authorities attempts toward developing and put ining renewable energy made the pro cedure of put ining PV system an easy pattern and there are many professionals who are able to put in this engineering in about all the metropoliss around the U.S. Second, the fiscal inducements that are created by the US authorities helped Indiana occupant financially to put in the PV systems. The 3rd point is that the cost of the natural stuff is traveling down because of the advanced engineerings that being used in the renewable energy. The last point is that the high degree of Indiana ‘s occupant ‘s consciousness toward the advantages of the sustainable applications and systems such as the PV system will assist them utilize these systems in proper manner. The consequences of the survey will reply the undermentioned inquiries: What is the perfect size of PV system that is suited for a typical single-family place in Indiana? How much does the standard size of PV system cost? How much electricity will the PV system green goods? How much will the PV system cut down the electricity measure? How long it will take to alter the hard currency flow from negative to positive or how long the householder can wait before the standard size of PV system produce positive hard currency flow? What is the payback period for the standard size of PV system? What is the internal rate of return for the standard size PV system?Statement of the Purpose and NeedThe chief end of the survey is to make consciousness about the economic feasibleness of constructing a residential PV system at the State of Indiana, while sing its public presentation over the life of the system. The consequences of the survey will assist the determination shapers at the State of Indiana and the occupant of Indian buttocks the locations of their metropoliss for possible installing for a solar PV system, gauge the cost of a standard size of PV system, calculate the expected economy, know the payback period, and mensurate the impact of the geographical location of the PV system public presentation. Besides, this survey will be a usher that improves the consciousness for Indiana occupants sing utilizing the solar energy systems. Furthermore, it will assist the determination shapers at Indian State to place the existent demands for developing more effectual schemes and f iscal inducements that help Indiana occupants implement solar systems in their places. The aims of the survey are: To understand the energy ingestion and cost benefits of utilizing a typical PV system. To gauge the profile of the end product power of a typical PV system. To measure the fiscal feasibleness of a typical PV system of the counties those are located in the State of Indiana. To find the factors that should be considered to find the economic final payment of solar including rates, systems public presentation, and inducements. To find countries with high solar potency utilizing the NEREL US section of energy application. To utilize the U.S. section of energy recommendations and methodological analysiss as a usher to develop a theoretical account for constructing a typical PV system. To find the suited size for residential photovoltaic systems for counties of Indiana State. To gauge the environmental benefits of utilizing photovoltaic rural electrification. To find a suited country for constructing a commercial PV system in Indiana.Statement of the PremisesThere are two of import premises for the survey: First, the edifice incorporate photovoltaic is connected in analogue to the public-service corporation grid, so there is no cost for batteries or electrical storage. The 2nd premise is that the computations are based on NEREL US section of energy application and for a typical single-family place in Indiana.Statement of the MethodologyThe methodological analysis of this research will dwell of the undermentioned six stairss: foremost, choosing the counties that will be the sample size. The sample size will be selected harmonizing to the undermentioned process: The counties of Indiana will be organized harmonizing to the locations of the county, there are five regional could be used for forming the counties: North, E, West, cardinal, south cardinal, and south. Then, the alphabetical sorting will be used to form the counties in lists and ea ch list represents a geographical country. Then choosing three counties from each list: one from the beginning of the list, one from the center of the list, and one from the terminal of the list. The 2nd measure is happening the nothing codifications for each county by utilizing the nothing codification finders. After that, the geographical location for each nothing codification will be identified by utilizing the Google Earth application, which will assist in happening two of import variables: solar AZ solar height. The 4th measure is reaching professionals who work in the PV industry and place of import information about a typical PV system such as the size, monetary value, care, and equipment. Fifth, the location and the size parametric quantities will be used as inputs for the PV Watt application. This application will give the expected public presentation and electricity that could be produced from the typical size of a PV system. Finally, the informations that gained from the PV Watt applications and other will be inserted into the excel application to make the analysis. Charts will be created to sum up the consequences of the survey.Definitions of the Key FootingsManagement: Management is the act of forming people to accomplish certain ends. Henri Fayol, who developed a theory of Management Science, believes that the most of import activities of direction are calculating, planning, forming, commanding, organizing and commanding ( Fayol, 1917 ) . Technology: The International Network for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises or INSME defined engineering as â€Å" a human invention in action that involves the coevals of cognition and processes to develop systems that solve jobs and widen human capablenesss † ( 2003 ) . In other words, engineering is any procedure that can better the human cognition and be used to work out jobs by doing life easier. Technology Management: it is the scientific discipline that focuses on puting technological tools in pull offing aids to actuate inventions. Renewable energy: Renewable energy is energy which can be produced by utilizing natural resources such as sunshine, air current, rain, waterfalls, rivers, and geothermic heat. PV cell: It is a solar cell that absorbs the Sun visible radiation. It is the most of import portion in a PV system. Each cell consists of at least two beds of semiconducting material stuff ; one bed has a negative charge and the other positive. PV panel: It is a solar panel consists of sets of PV cells that are connected together. It is besides known as PV solar faculty. PV array: PV array is portion of PV solar system. It is a solar array that consists of sets of PV panels or faculties that are connected together in series or in parallel. PV system: A solar system designed to absorb the Sun visible radiation and change over it to electricity. It consists of sets of PV arrays or faculties, which connected to other equipment such as electric inverter or raking systems. The PV system maps as a individual electricity bring forthing unit. Solar Azimuth: The section of energy defined the solar AZ as â€Å" the angle between the Sun ‘s evident place in the sky and true South, as measured on a horizontal plane † . Solar Altitude: The section of energy defined the solar height as â€Å" the angle between to the skyline and the centre of the solar phonograph record. † The American Meteorological Society defined this construct as † The angle of the Sun 90 grades or less above the skyline. † Internal Rate of Return ( IRR ) : It is the rate that is used in capital budgeting to mensurate the viability and profitableness of a undertaking. It will assist determination shapers make the right determination toward specific concern undertaking. Payback period: it is the period that is required to return back the money that is invested as portion capital to get down a concern undertaking. It assists directors and determination shapers to do the right determinations toward puting their money in a concern undertaking. Cash flow: it is an of import construct in the technology economic sciences scientific discipline, it is the procedure of placing the money motion in or out of a concern undertaking. Indiana State: it is a U.S province located in the Midwest part. The population of the province is 6,516,922. Harmonizing to Rural Policy Research Institute, there are 77.7 % of Indiana occupants populating in metropolitan counties, 16.5 % life in micropolitan counties and 5.9 % life in non-core counties.Chapter Two: A REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATUREOverviewThis chapter aims to reexamine and clear up some of import constructs sing the renewable energy and the solar PV systems. This chapter besides provides a theoretical footing for the research and helps the reader to find the nature of the research. In add-on, this chapter will supply in deepness reappraisal for old research surveies that are related to fiscal ratings for PV systems at different locations in the universe.Renewable Energy:Renewable energy is energy which can be produced by utilizing natural resources such as sunshine, air current, rain, waterfalls, rivers, and geothermic heat. The resources for the renewable energy are continually and sustainably replenished and those resources are available all over the universe but there is a demand for engineerings to utilize these resources efficaciously. The function for any engineering in this filed is to capture the renewable energy and change over it from specific signifier of power to another. For illustration, the Sun can be used to bring forth solar energy, which will be used for warming, chilling, and illuming. Wind energy is captured by air current turbines and turned into electricity. Harmonizing to the Natural Resources Defense Council ( NRDC ) , there are five chief resources for renewable energy: Wind energy: the power that is generated from the air current. Solar energy: the power that is generated from the Sun. Biomass energy: the power that is generated from Plant stuffs, such as wood, maize, and soy. Biogas energy: the power that is generated from the carnal waste. Geothermal energy: the power that is generated from the reservoirs of steam and hot H2O beneath the Earth ‘s surface. The undermentioned map is the renewable energy map, which shows the bing installations for the renewable energy in the United States. Using renewable energy is of import because it has many benefits and advantages. These benefits can be summarized by four of import points: Environment Friendly: the renewable power is a clean beginning of energy that has no impact on the environment comparing to other energy resources. Sustainability: the renewable power is continually and sustainably replenished. It will non run out but other beginnings of energy are finite and someday will be consumed. Energy Security: utilizing the renewable energy beginnings will cut down the demand for importing oil from other states and it will increase the autonomy in energy production of a state. Making occupations: occupations will be created by puting money in constructing renewable energy engineering which will assist states in salvaging money that could be used in making occupation alternatively of directing it abroad to purchase fuel.Photovoltaic ( PV ) systemsThe word photovoltaic consists of two words â€Å" exposure † , which is a Grecian word means light and â€Å" Gur † , which refers to bring forth electricity. The PV systems are systems use solar panels to absorb the sunshine energy and change over it to electricity. These systems give the chance for people to bring forth electricity in clean, quiet and dependable manner. It besides named as solar cells systems because it uses sun visible radiation as the beginning for bring forthing electricity. The undermentioned image is one illustration for the PV system.PV system ComponentThere are two of import constituents for any PV system, these constituents are: PV panels ( faculties ) and AC/DC power conve rtor or inverter. A PV system may include other constituent such as battery, solar tracker, interconnectedness wiring, and a racking system that holds the solar panels. PV panel consist of set PV cells, which consists of at least two beds of semiconducting material stuff. One bed has a negative charge and the other positive. A group of connected solar panels or faculties is called a solar array. The inverter is an electrical power convertor that changes direct current ( DC ) the beginning to jumping current ( AC ) the finish. The DC is the solar panel in a PV system. The undermentioned image explains the difference between cell, faculty, and array parts of a PV system. The undermentioned image summarizes the most of import constituents for a PV system.The manner a PV system plantsThe undermentioned four stairss explain the manner that a PV system works: When the Sun visible radiation strikes the PV cell, the photons of the Sun visible radiation are absorbed by the atoms of the semiconducting material stuff. Chemical reactions release negatrons because negatrons negatively charged. The chemical reaction will bring forth electricity because the free negatrons will travel from the cell ‘s negative bed to an external circuit and back to the positive bed. This flow of negatrons green goodss electric current. The inverter will reassign the DC electric that is produced by the PV cells to AC that is traveling to be consumed by family demands. More electricity can be produced by increasing the figure of PV cells and panels that are connected to the PV system. When two panels are connected together in series, the electromotive force is maximized to the doubled while the current electric corsets constant. When two panels are connected in analogue, the current electric is maximized to the doubled but the electromotive force stays changeless. The undermentioned diagram explains procedure of bring forthing electricity from a PV system.The types of PV systems:PV systems can be classified depending on several factors. These factors may include: the systems application, operational demands, component constellations, and the manner that equipment is connected to power beginnings and electrical tonss. There are two chief types of solar PV systems: standalone off-grid and grid-connected or grid-tied solar PV systems. The undermentioned account for each type: Stand-alone off-grid PV system: this system is designed to work independently and non connected to electricity grid. This system needs battery bank to hive away the electricity, which is produced by the PV system. This system is largely being used in countries that the electricity grid is far off. The undermentioned figure demonstrates the off-grid PV system. Grid-connected PV systems: this system designed to work in analogue with the electricity grid. This is the most cost effectual type because it does non required battery bank. The lone disadvantage for this type is that this system does non supply backup power during a power outage even if the Sun is reflecting but for sites with dependable grid power, this is normally the logical system pick. Since there is no battery bank, the electric public-service corporation shops the electricity that is produced by the PV system through a system called net-metering. The end of put ining this system is to cut down or extinguish the sum of electricity and power that a occupant would devour from the electric public-service corporation grid. If the system produces electricity more than the family needs, the excess sum of the electricity will be pushed back to the public-service corporation grid and the electric public-service corporation will pay the retail rate to the system proprietor. This type of PV systems will be used in this survey because it ‘s cost effectual. The undermentioned chart shows the grid-connected PV systems.Previous surveies sing put ining PV systemsIndiana State:It is province located at the United States of America located in the Midwest part of North America. The capital and the largest metropolis in the province is Indianapolis. The occupants of Indiana are called Hoosiers. The name of province means the Indian land. The entire country in Indiana State is 36,418 square stat mis. Harmonizing to National Atlas of the United States ( NAUS ) , Indiana is the 38th largest size in the U.S. The province has a maximal E to west dimension of 145 stat mis and a maximal dimension North to South of 250 stat mis. Michigan State is located on the northern boundary lines of the province, Ohio State located on the E, and Illinois State is located on the west boundary line of the State. The State of Indiana has a humid conditions, with cool winters and warm summ ers. Indiana is divided into 92 counties. As of 2010, there are 16 metropolitan, 25 micropolitan, 117 integrated metropoliss, and 450 towns. Indianapolis is largest metropolis and it is the capital of the State. The metropoliss with populations larger than 55,000 are: Indianapolis, Fort Wayne, Evansville, South Bend, Carmel, Bloomington, A Hammond, Gary, Fishers, Muncie, Lafayette, Terre Haute, Anderson. As of July 1, 2011, the population of Indiana is 6,516,922. The power production at Indiana State chiefly produced via coal. There are 24 coal power workss in the province, including the Gibson Generating Station, which is the largest coal power works in the United States. Indiana State ranked the highest rate of S dioxide emanations in the United States because of the coal power works that are located in the province. The determination shapers in Indiana State have made valuable attempts to increasing the usage of renewable energy such as air current, solar power, hydroelectric, or biomass, nevertheless, the advancement has been really slow because of the immense sum of the coal resource in Southern Indiana.Engineering economic sciences:It is a subset of the economic scientific discipline focal points on the viability of technology applications and applications. An of import construct in technology economic sciences is the clip value of money. There are assorted constructs of technology economic sciences will be used in this survey. The most of import is the hard currency flow construct, which is the money motion in or out of a undertaking. The hard currency flow will assist an proprietor of a concern identify the old ages that are needed to return the portion capital of the undertaking. Another of import construct will be used in this survey is the net present value construct, which is the value of a payment or series of payments made at other times.Renewable Energy Incentives:Renewable energy inducements are authorities plans that are created to supply fiscal motives for U.S occupants to develop and put in engineerings and undertakings for bring forthing and bring forthing renewable energy. These plans are of import for the U.S occupant because it facilitates the procedure of put ining a PV system by cut downing the disbursals of purchasing it. The State of Indiana offers a province belongings revenue enhancement tax write-off and a revenue enhancement tax write-off of up to $ 1000 for the installing of solar engineerings.Chapter THREE: Method OF INVESTIGATIONOverviewIn order to measure the fiscal feasibleness of typical residential PV systems in the province of Indiana, information for the 92 counties of Indiana State should be collected, evaluated, and analyzed through mathematical theoretical accounts and expressions. Arrested development theoretical accounts ( e.g. add itive and multiple ) will be used to develop a mathematical theoretical account to measure the cost-effectiveness of typical PV systems. This chapter defines and explains the processs employed, and specifies the lower limit demands that the survey must run into. Besides, in this chapter, there will be a description of the designing tools that were used in the survey.Description of the ProceduresCombinations of assorted informations aggregation methodological analysiss will be used in this survey, reexamining old surveies, questioning people from the PV industry, and recovering informations from the U.S. energy section web site. The information will be collected and analyzed through different applications such as SPSS, PV Calculator, and Microsoft Excel. Reviewing the old surveies will assist the research worker to understand the inside informations about PV engineerings and the best posing for put ining a typical PV system. The literature reappraisal methodological analysis helps the research worker in developing assorted inquiries that used in the interview procedure. The interview procedure will be conducted in three signifiers: face-to-face, over the phone, over the Internet. The interview helps the research worker gather informations from people work in the PV sector. It besides helps the research worker to be familiar with the different types of the PV systems and the monetary values for put ining a typical size of a PV system that is suited for typical individual household place in State of Indiana. The research worker will present himself, his background, and the research ends to the participant. After roll uping informations, the analysis procedure will get down. The different methods and applications will be used in the analysis of the collected information. Finally, the consequences of the analysis will assist the research worker in replying the survey inquiries.Description of Subjects and EquipmentsThe success of this survey depends on assorted tools and applications: Interview, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ( SPSS ) plan, Microsoft Excel, PV Watt application, Zip Code Finder, and Google Map. The followers is a description for each of these: Interview: the research worker will carry on interviews with people work in the PV industry. The interviews will assist the research worker collect information about the monetary values of a typical PV system. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ( SPSS ) plan: it is a computing machine plan built for statistical analysis intents. SPSS package helps research workers analyzing current state of affairss for specific state of affairss and calculating future tendencies. Besides, it is a tool used by directors to do right determinations about their merchandises and build assorted relationships between different factors. By utilizing this package, houses are able to direct and automatize determinations to run into concern ends and achieve mensurable competitory advantage. This package was helpful for this survey because it will be easy to analyse the information that will be collected from different beginnings and happen relationships between different variables. This application will enable the research worker to sum up the consequences and convert the consequences to artworks which will ease reading the consequences. Excel package or dispersed sheet: This is an application that developed by the Microsoft company. This application is used for computations, making in writing, programing, making statistical operationsaˆÂ ¦ etc. This tool is of import for this research because it will be used for ciphering of import constructs such as hard currency flow, net nowadays value, and internal rate of return. PV Watt application: it is an application developed by the U.S section of energy to â€Å" find the energy production and cost nest eggs of grid-connected photovoltaic ( PV ) energy systems throughout the universe. It allows householders, installers, makers, and research workers to easy develop estimations of the public presentation of conjectural PV installings † . This is the most of import application for this survey because it will be used to gauge the electricity that could be produced by a typical PV system. This application needs some parametric quantities, which will be identified through interviewing or bespeaking an on-line quotation mark from professional people who work in the PV industry. Google Map: it is an application developed by Google Company. It offers geographical information about topographic points locations. This application is of import to the survey because it will be used to place of import two variables: solar AZ and solar height. These variables will be used in the PV Watt application to gauge the power that could be produced through a typical size of a PV system. Zip codification finder: it is a general web application offered by many web sites to place the nothing codification of a specific country. This application will be used in the survey to place the nothing codifications for the counties of Indiana State.Research Design and ProceduresThe survey processs depend on the applications and the tools that described above. All of these applications are of import for finishing the survey and each one will be used to finish specific occupation. First, the counties of Indiana have been found though the Indiana authorities web site ( IN.gov ) . The following tabular array and figure sum up these counties. NorthA EastA WestA CentralA South Central SouthA Elkhart, Adams, Benton, Boone, Bartholomew, Clark, Fulton, Allen, Carroll, Clay, Hamilton, Brown, Crawford, Jasper, Blackford, Clinton, Hancock, Davy, Dubois, Kosciusko, Cass, De Fountain, Hendricks, Dearborn, Floyd, La Grange, Kalb, Montgomery, Johnson, Decatur, Gibson, Lake, Delaware, Newton, Marion, Franklin, Harrison, LaPorte, Fayette, Owen, Parke, Morgan, Greene, Orange, Marshall, Grant, Henry, Putnam, Shelby Jackson, Perry, Pike, Porter, Howard, Sullivan, Jefferson, Posey, Scott, Pulaski, St. Huntington, Tippecanoe, Jennings, Spencer, Joseph, Jay, Madison, Vermillion, Knox, Vanderburgh, Starke, Steuben Miami, Noble, Vigo, Warren, White Lawrence, Martin, Warrick, Washington Randolph, Monroe, Rush, Tipton, Ohio, Ripley, Union, Switzerland Wabash, Wayne, Wells, Whitley Second, the research worker will choose three counties form each geographical country to be the sample for this survey: one from the beginning of the list, one from the center of the list, and one from the terminal of the list. The selected northern counties are: Elkhart, Marshall, and Steuben. The selected Eastern counties are: Adams, Huntington and Whitley. The selected Western counties are: Benton, Owen and White. The selected Central counties are: Boone, Hendricks, and Shelby. The selected Southern Central counties are: Bartholomew, Jackson and Switzerland. Finally, the selected Southern counties are: Clark, Orange and Washington. The 3rd measure is happening the nothing codifications for each one of the selected counties. This has been done through the Zip codification Finder application. The undermentioned three tabular arraies summarize the nothing codifications for the selected northern counties.ZIP Codes functioning the county ofELKHART, IndianaMap of CountyZIP CodeCity46507 Bristol 46514 ELKHART 46515 ELKHART 46516 ELKHART 46517 ELKHART 46526 GOSHEN 46527 GOSHEN 46528 GOSHEN 46530 Farmer 46540 MIDDLEBURY 46542 MILFORD 46543 MILLERSBURG 46550 NAPPANEE 46553 NEW PARIS 46561 OSCEOLA 46567 Syracuse 46573 WAKARUSAZIP Codes functioning the county ofMARSHALL, IndianaZIP CodeCity46501 Argos 46504 Bourbon 46506 Bremen 46511 CULVER 46513 DONALDSON 46524 ETNA GREEN 46531 GROVERTOWN 46536 LAKEVILLE 46537 LAPAZ 46539 MENTONE 46550 NAPPANEE 46563 Plymouth 46570 TIPPECANOE 46572 TYNER 46574 WALKERTONZIP Codes functioning the county ofSTEUBEN, IndianaZIP CodeCity46703 Angola 46705 ASHLEY 46737 Fremont 46742 Hamilton 46747 Hudson 46761 LAGRANGE 46776 ORLAND 46779 PLEASANT LAKE The undermentioned three tabular arraies summarize the nothing codifications for the selected Eastern counties:ZIP Codes functioning the county ofADAMS, IndianaZIP CodeCity46711 Bern 46714 BLUFFTON 46731 CRAIGVILLE 46733 Decatur 46740 Geneva 46745 Hoagland 46769 LINN GROVE 46772 Monroe 46773 MONROEVILLE 46777 OSSIAN 46780 PLEASANT MILLS 46782 PREBLE 47326 BRYANTZIP Codes functioning the county ofHUNTINGTON, IndianaZIP CodeCity46702 Andrews 46713 BIPPUS 46750 Huntington 46770 MARKLE 46783 Roanoke 46792 Warren 46940 LA FONTAINE 46991 VAN BURENZIP Codes functioning the county ofWHITLEY, IndianaZIP CodeCity46562 PIERCETON 46723 CHURUBUSCO 46725 COLUMBIA CITY 46764 LARWILL 46783 Roanoke 46787 SOUTH WHITLEY The undermentioned three tabular arraies summarize the nothing codifications for the selected Western counties:ZIP Codes functioning the county ofBENTON, IndianaMap of CountyZIP CodeCity47917 AMBIA 47921 Boswell 47942 EARL PARK 47944 Fowler 47948 GOODLAND 47970 OTTERBEIN 47971 Oxford 47975 PINE VILLAGE 47977 REMINGTON 47984 Talbot 47986 TEMPLETONZIP Codes functioning the county ofOWEN, IndianaZIP CodeCity46120 CLOVERDALE 46166 Paragon 47427 COAL CITY 47431 Freedom 47433 GOSPORT 47455 PATRICKSBURG 47456 Quincy 47459 SOLSBERRY 47460 Spencer 47471 WORTHINGTON 47833 Bowling GREEN 47868 PolandZIP Codes functioning the county ofWHITE, IndianaMap of CountyZIP CodeCity46978 ROYAL CENTER 46985 STAR CITY 47920 BATTLE GROUND 47923 BROOKSTON 47925 American bison 47926 BURNETTSVILLE 47929 CHALMERS 47950 IDAVILLE 47959 MONON 47960 MONTICELLO 47980 Reynolds 47995 WOLCOTT The undermentioned three tabular arraies summarize the nothing codifications for the selected Central counties:ZIP Codes functioning the county ofBOONE, IndianaMap of CountyZIP CodeCity46035 COLFAX 46050 KIRKLIN 46052 LEBANON 46069 Sheridan 46071 THORNTOWN 46075 WHITESTOWN 46077 ZIONSVILLE 46102 Progress 46147 Jamestown 47968 NEW ROSSZIP Codes functioning the county ofHENDRICKS, IndianaZIP CodeCity46103 AMO 46112 BROWNSBURG 46113 CAMBY 46118 CLAYTON 46121 COATESVILLE 46122 DANVILLE 46123 Avon 46147 Jamestown 46149 LIZTON 46158 MOORESVILLE 46165 NORTH SALEM 46167 PITTSBORO 46168 PLAINFIELD 46180 STILESVILLE 46197 PLAINFIELD 46231 Indianapolis 46234 Indianapolis 47968 NEW ROSSZIP Codes functioning the county ofSHELBY, IndianaZIP CodeCity46110 BOGGSTOWN 46124 Edinburgh 46126 FAIRLAND 46130 FOUNTAINTOWN 46144 GWYNNEVILLE 46150 Manila 46161 Morristown 46162 NEEDHAM 46163 NEW PALESTINE 46176 SHELBYVILLE 46182 WALDRON 46259 Indianapolis 47234 FLAT ROCK 47272 Saint Paul The undermentioned three tabular arraies summarize the nothing codifications for the selected Southern Central counties:ZIP Codes functioning the county ofBARTHOLOMEW, IndianaZIP CodeCity46124 Edinburgh 47201-47203 Columbus 47226 CLIFFORD 47232 ELIZABETHTOWN 47234 FLAT ROCK 47236 GRAMMER 47244 HARTSVILLE 47246 Hope 47247 JONESVILLE 47274 Seymour 47280 TAYLORSVILLE 47283 WESTPORTZIP Codes functioning the county ofJACKSON, IndianaZIP CodeCity47102 Austin 47220 BROWNSTOWN 47228 Cortland 47229 CROTHERSVILLE 47235 Freetown 47249 KURTZ 47260 MEDORA 47264 Norman 47274 Seymour 47281 VALLONIAZIP Codes functioning the county ofSWITZERLAND, IndianaZIP CodeCity47011 Bennington 47019 EAST ENTERPRISE 47020 Firenze 47038 Patriot 47043 VEVAY The undermentioned three tabular arraies summarize the nothing codifications for the selected Southern counties:ZIP Codes functioning the county ofCLARK, IndianaZIP CodeCity47104 Bethlehem 47106 BORDEN 47111 Charlestown 47119 FLOYDS KNOBS 47126 HENRYVILLE 47129 CLARKSVILLE 47130 JEFFERSONVILLE 47131 JEFFERSONVILLE 47132 JEFFERSONVILLE 47133 JEFFERSONVILLE 47134 JEFFERSONVILLE 47141 MARYSVILLE 47143 Memphis 47144 JEFFERSONVILLE 47147 NABB 47162 NEW WASHINGTON 47163 OTISCO 47172 SELLERSBURG 47177 Underbrush 47190 JEFFERSONVILLE 47199 JEFFERSONVILLEZIP Codes functioning the county ofORANGE, IndianaZIP CodeCity47108 CAMPBELLSBURG 47118 English 47125 HARDINSBURG 47140 Marengo 47175 TASWELL 47432 FRENCH LICK 47452 Orleans 47454 PAOLI 47469 WEST BADEN SPRINGSZIP Codes functioning the county ofWASHINGTON, IndianaZIP CodeCity47106 BORDEN 47108 CAMPBELLSBURG 47120 Fredericksburg 47125 HARDINSBURG 47126 HENRYVILLE 47145 MILLTOWN 47164 Palmyra 47165 PEKIN 47167 Salem 47170 SCOTTSBURG 47281 VALLONIA The following measure is utilizing the Google Map will assist the research worker in happening the exact geographical place for each nothing codification. By happening the exact location for each county, the research worker will be able to happen solar power potency for each country. The 5th measure in the research methodological analysis is utilizing the PV Watt application, which is lunched by the section of energy, with the parametric quantities, which will be gotten from questioning the people who work in the PV industry. The parametric quantities are needed to cipher the expected produced energy from the typical PV system that has been built harmonizing to recommendation from professional people who work in the PV industry. Finally, the Microsoft Excel will be used for making the mathematical computation such as the IRR and NPR. The interview is besides of import for this survey because it will assist the research worker be familiar with the different types of the PV systems and with the monetary values of put ining a typical system for a typical individual household. The names of the makers, distributors, traders and service & A ; fix specializer have been taken from the electronic version of the xanthous book hypertext transfer protocol: //www.yellowpages.com. The research worker usage â€Å" Solar System † as a cardinal phrase for the hunt and Indiana has been selected as the location. Then, the consequences have been filtered by choosing three classs: Solar Energy Equipment & A ; Systems-Dealers. Solar Energy Equipment & A ; Systems-Service & A ; Repair. Solar Energy Equipment & A ; Systems-Manufacturers & A ; Distributors The following tabular array summarizes the name, type of concern, location and phone figure.ANameBusiness TypeCityTelephone1 Solar Energy Systems, LLC retail gross revenues, sweeping provider, distributer, electric public-service corporation Nappanee, Indiana USA 46550 ( 574 ) 773-0546 2 Bowen Engineering General Contractor Fishermans, Indiana USA 46038 317-842-2616 3 BPM Service Today Contractor Kendallville, Indiana USA 46755 260-347-9388 4 Concept Beyond Tomorrow retail gross revenues Chesterton, Indiana USA 46304 219-929-1397 5 CoolSpell, LLC. retail gross revenues, sweeping provider Indianapolis, Indiana USA 46220 317-201-4435 6 Earth-SOLAR Technologies Corporation Photovoltaic Cell Manufacturer Indianapolis, Indiana USA 46202 317. 926. 7000 7 EcoSource Inc sweeping provider Columbus, Indiana USA 47201 812-342-7226 8 Estes Design & A ; Manufacturing, Inc. maker Indianapolis, Indiana USA 46229 317-899-2203 9 G-Tech Energy, Inc. retail gross revenues, site survey/assessment Indianapolis, Indiana USA 46220 317-627-3031 10 Green Options retail gross revenues Kokomo, Indiana USA 46902 765-480-4138 11 Greenworks Energy retail gross revenues, sweeping provider, importer, distributer, mfg Yorktown, Indiana USA 47396 877-365-POWER 12 Hoagland Electric Inc. Electrical Contracting, industrial, commercial, controls, forte Wayne, Indiana USA 46818 260-489-5990 13 Home Energy LLC retail gross revenues, contractor, sweeping provider Middlebury, Indiana USA 46540 ( 574 ) 825-4800 14 Hurshtown Alternative Power retail gross revenues, sweeping provider Grabill, Indiana USA 46741-9617 260-438-5250 15 Illiana Power Corporation Solar energy consulting, design & A ; installing Terre Haute, Indiana USA 47802 888-815-8023 16 Inovateus Solar LLC sweeping provider, distributer South Bend, Indiana USA 46637 574-485-1405 17 Mann Plumbing Inc MPI Solar retail gross revenues Bloomington, Indiana USA 47404 812-334-4003 ( 812 ) 327-8476 18 Morton Solar & A ; Wind, LLC Renewable Energy Products and Services Evansville, Indiana USA 47711 812-402-0900 19 Following Generation Resources, LLC retail gross revenues Grabill, Indiana USA 46741 260-437-6490 20 Phoenix Mechanical consulting, design, installing, contractor services Garrett, Indiana USA 46738 260-357-1930 21 Renewable Energy Systems, LLC design, installing, undertaking development services, contractor services Avilla, Indiana USA 46710 260-897-2450 22 Rescuer retail gross revenues, sweeping provider, exporter Indianapolis, Indiana USA 46239 317-465-8496 23 Solar Wind Energy Corporation design, installing, building, site study and appraisal services, contractor services, care and fix services Kendallville, Indiana USA 46755 260-347-8382 24 Southside Attic Solution retail gross revenues Greenwood, Indiana USA 46142 ( 317 ) 847-4546 25 SunRise Solar Inc maker, sweeping provider St. John, Indiana USA 46373 219-306-8163 26 SunWind Power Systems, Inc Solar and wind installing, design, and confer withing Floyds Knobs, Indiana USA 47119A27 Illiana Power Corporation Repeated Solar Energy Contracting Indianapolis & A ; Ft. Wayne & A ; South Bend & A ; Michigan City & A ; Indiana USA 46803 888-815-8023 28 One Planet Solar and Wind Inc. retail gross revenues Terre Haute, Indiana USA 47807 812-235-1380 29 Strong Tower Roofing & A ; Construction Installation, care Springville, IN 47462 ( 812 ) 797-0630 30 Lindley Heating & A ; Cooling Inc. retail gross revenues Pittsboro, IN 46167 ( 317 ) 892-6024 31 Midwest Solar Additions installing, design, and confer withing Hebron, IN 46341 ( 219 ) 996-7214 32 Ameresco Energy Servicess retail gross revenues Indianapolis, IN 46240 ( 317 ) 816-0990 33 480v Solar installing, design, and confer withing Michigan City, IN 46360 ( 219 ) 879-5501 34 PrimeStar Solar Installation, care Indianapolis, IN 46229 ( 317 ) 899-3000 35 J J J Enterprises retail gross revenues Indianapolis, IN 46221 ( 317 ) 856-4744 36 Yager Electric retail gross revenues Fort Wayne, IN 46818 ( 260 ) 710-2707 37 Solar Systems of Indiana installing, design, and confer withing Bloomington, IN 47408 ( 812 ) 336-2785 38 Midwest Wind and Solar LLC installing, design, and confer withing Merrillville, IN 46411 ( 219 ) 714-2488 39 Solar Century of Indiana installing, design, and confer withing Indianapolis, IN 46201 ( 317 ) 546-5071 40 Fair & A ; Square Construction retail gross revenues, Installation Poland, IN 47868 ( 812 ) 821-0526 41 L & A ; S Electric Co Inc retail gross revenues, Installation Hammond, IN 46327 ( 219 ) 932-8504 42 Solar Electric Turbine Co installing, design, and confer withing Westfield, IN 46074 ( 317 ) 985-5685 43 Solar Energy Systems installing services Shipshewana, IN 46565 ( 260 ) 768-7275 44 Solartek Energy installing Jeffersonville, IN 47130 ( 812 ) 282-4601 45 Solar and Wind Wave Installation Indianapolis, IN 46217 ( 317 ) 641-4610 46 BP Solar installing, design, and confer withing Whitening, IN 46394 ( 219 ) 473-2867 47 Solar Tek Energy retail gross revenues Newburgh, IN 47630 ( 812 ) 853-5385 48 ERMCO, Inc. Electrical & A ; Communications Contractors retail gross revenues Indianapolis, IN 46217 ( 317 ) 780-2923 Nine inquiries will be asked for the PV representative. These inquiries divided into four classs: constituent and costs, public presentation, country and size, and care and life-time. The inquiries are: Component and costs: What are the major constituents in a grid connected photovoltaic system? How much does a typical Photovoltaics system cost, and on what footing is monetary value determined? Performance: How is the electrical public presentation of Photovoltaic faculties and arrays typically rated? What is the DC electrical end product of PV cells? How should a PV array be oriented for maximal energy production? ( What are the effects of leaning a PV array at lower or higher angles than the local latitude? ) What energy public presentation can be expected from a grid-connected PV system? The size of the systems How much surface country is required for put ining a PV array? How are grid-connected PV systems sized? Care and life clip What are typical care demands for PV systems? What is the expected life-time for a PV system?

Group Dynamics in 12 Angry Men Essay

The 1957 Sidney Lumet directed classic 12 Angry Men, the film adaptation of a stage drama from a few years prior, is centered logistically and physically around an uncomfortably diverse set of men with a common goal of achieving a jury verdict in a murder trial.   Representing the greatest of organizational challenges, the plot forces these 12 instinctively conflicting personalities into the suffocating quarters of a shrinking jury deliberation room. The setting is consumed by a wilting pressure, as the men are isolated together on a sweltering summer day with the difficult task of assessing the terrible allegation at hand.   Lumet’s film is, on the one hand, an excellent discourse on morality and duty amongst a diversity of caricatures.   To another extent though, the work is a study on organizational behavior, producing a setting in which undefined roles are gradually filled by a combination of necessity and individual instinct.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Amongst the men collectively assigned to the task, numerous organizational roles begin to form and shift, with leaders, followers, thinkers and bullies occupying various positions throughout.   Though all are moved to address the same problem, each perceives it according to a perspective tied to his own experiences.   The task of reaching a verdict on the basis of evidence would require collaboration, but these prejudices and personalities distinction render this a continually elusive goal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It becomes clear quite immediately that leaders and followers are not strictly defined by their willingness to exercise power, but perhaps more by their varying senses of duty.   This is embodied by the narrative’s protagonist, who shows himself to be naturally imbued with a devotion to the propriety of the cause.   The eventual emergence of Juror #8, played to due complexity by Henry Fonda, illustrates that leadership is a capacity which comes with reason, communication and focus.   This is a distinct characterization from the founding of leadership in aggression or overbearing authority.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With respect to the organizational behavior apparent in this distinction, the critical viewer is inclined to consider the interesting pressure which is placed upon such a leader as Juror #8, who must attempt to levy a minority influence over a group of individuals mostly inclined by the desire to go home to cast their votes with relative unanimity.   In the face of eleven guilty votes, #8 felt that he had no choice but to enter a not guilty vote, bearing in mind the singular duty of the jury.   It was his contention that the primary objective here was not, as some had clearly seen it, to end this case with expediency, but instead to determine whether the defendant was guilty ‘beyond a reasonable doubt.’ This language represents the mission statement of the organization formed by the 12 man jury.   Juror #8 was the only individual to administrate the pursuit of this goal and, in a fashion that is reflective of the challenges potentially common to any working environment, was forced to do so in the face of hostile opposition, oppressive external circumstances and various informational challenges.   Instead of seeking to render each of these challenges to obscurity or allowing them to derail the organization from achieving its defined goal, Jury #8 illustrates a valuable managerial talent in motivating various members therein to consider their role in reaching said goal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is through this plot movement that Lumet carefully draws out the process of ascension to group cohesion.   Indeed, this is no simple task, as Juror #8 must none-too-gently navigate the apprehension of some, the distortion of perspective in others and the outright irrational defiance of still others in order to steward the organization to a recognition of itself as a single working unit.   This is a useful point to consider, as we evaluate the many challenges related to personnel which would individually be forced to the surface by the protagonist’s tireless instigation of critical thought.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After provoking some consternation for voicing his ‘reasonable doubt,’ Juror #8 pragmatically deconstructs the case, pointing out that the primary witness was an elderly woman who was not wearing her glasses at the time of the murder in question.   Moreover, the murder weapon, a switchblade knife which a store clerk claimed he sold to the defendant, was illustrated to be one of a possible infinitive of knives which looked nearly identical to the exhibit A knife. And perhaps most importantly, the victim of the murder was the defendant’s father and the close association and bad relationship between the two provoked a wealth of circumstantial evidence against the defendant.   From an organizational perspective, these are factors which can be looked upon as uncertain variables upon which critical scrutiny need be applied.   However, the flimsy nature of these variables is generally obscured by the persistence of a group conflict that is founded upon the disparate strands of personality which make up the jury.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Juror #8 skillfully weaves the primary goal of finding a correct verdict through the fabric of these case facts, appealing to what he senses is an experientially biased perspective in each juror, in order to invoke consideration of all these prospects.   It is thus that he encounters several phenomena of group dynamic which detectably play a part in obstructing the immediate achievement of intended goals. One effect in particular is that of conformity, which would play a significant part in stimulating some of the meeker jurors to assume the defendant’s guilt on the basis of popular consensus.   For many jurors falling into this category, the influence of many of the more vocal jurors would serve to intimidate or cloud individual perspectives, causing the minority perspective taken by Juror #8 to encounter pointedly steadfast opposition.   The meeker men would retain a strength in numbers that would allow them to hide from organizational responsibility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For Juror #8, the situation of organizational unanimity without critical speculation would be in and of itself problematic.   We are not even certain as the audience that the juror is responding to a belief that the defendant was necessarily innocent.   Instead, there is a clear sense of concern over the propriety in carrying out the appropriate duty of the court.   Therefore, we see that the character was left with only the option of initiating conflict as a means to invoking the critical debate which would have otherwise been problematically absent from the proceedings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We may consider that the juror might have sought another approach than facing collectively and individually the obstructions to the deliberation of justice.   For one, a possible alternative for action in this circumstance may have been the call for a dismissal of certain jurors.   In particular, Juror #3, played by Lee J. Cobb, is driven by the damaged relationship he shares with his son and Juror #7, played by Jack Warden, is moved to action by his deep-seeded hatred for foreigners. In the self-appointed role of group leader, the protagonist must attempt to draw these individuals away from these distorting perspectives in order to understand the case on its own merits.   These facts of prejudicial perspective might have been treated as grounds for dismissal from the organization given the legal consideration surrounding such motives and the inherent contrariness which such motives posed to the mission of carrying out justice.   Such an alternative might have properly saved the organization the bottle neck to meeting its goal produced by the resistance of poorly oriented personnel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ultimately, however, Juror #8’s methods, while painstaking, were perhaps the most optimal, implementing as they did a careful strategy of communicative and practical organizational unity in spite of a seemingly irreconcilable spectrum of ideologies, personalities and intentions.   In the resolution of this unique film, the audience never does learn if the defendant is guilty of murder, but viewers are collectively moved to better understand the identifiable characteristics which constitute organizational responsibility.